SAE Levels of Driving Automation
Introduction
The SAE Levels of Driving Automation describe the capabilities of automated driving systems. While automakers have focused on Level 4 automation, they are now redirecting their energy towards Levels 2 and 3 in passenger vehicle applications. This article provides an overview of the different levels and examples of their use.
Level 0
In Level 0 automation, a human is responsible for driving at all times. The system’s features are limited to warnings and momentary active assistance, such as automated emergency braking.
Level 1
Level 1 automation also requires a human driver at all times. However, the system provides support for steering, braking, or throttle inputs. Adaptive cruise control is an example of Level 1 automation.
Level 2
At Level 2 automation, a human is still responsible for driving, even if the system is actively controlling the vehicle. Features include steering and throttle control, such as lane-centering and adaptive cruise control. Examples of Level 2 automation systems are General Motors’ Super Cruise and Tesla’s Autopilot.
Level 3
In Level 3 automation, an automated system drives the vehicle within a specific area, such as a highway. While the human is not considered the driver, they must be ready to take over when the system requests it. Mercedes-Benz’s Drive Pilot is an example of Level 3 automation.
Level 4
Level 4 automation allows the automated system to drive without any human intervention. However, these systems may only operate under specific conditions and in limited areas. Currently, no vehicles with Level 4 automation are available for sale to consumers. Companies like Waymo and Cruise have deployed and commercialized robotaxi services, which are considered Level 4.
Level 5
Level 5 automation is similar to Level 4, but the vehicles equipped with this level of automation can drive anywhere in all conditions. However, Level 5 automation is not yet commercially available.
